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We found an inverse association for oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma, which was supported by highly suggestive evidence due to considerable heterogeneity between studies. Similar summary associations were found by the WCRF and IARC, which concluded that adiposity convincingly increased the risk of oesophageal adenocarcinoma. We found an inverse association between body mass index and lung cancer that was supported by highly suggestive evidence but had substantial heterogeneity between studies and evidence of small study effects.

When we investigated this association by smoking status, we found an inverse association between body mass index and lung cancer among smokers, which was supported by suggestive evidence.

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We found a non-significant association among non-smokers. These results may be due to residual confounding, reverse causation, or effect aquarius food industries case study by smoking, which led the WCRF and IARC to grade this evidence as inadequate. However, these analyses were underpowered. Future large prospective studies should evaluate associations according to smoking status among different disease subtypes.

Furthermore, we found that the associations between body mass index and multiple myeloma and cancers of the biliary tract system, pancreas, and kidney were supported by strong evidence. The WCRF and IARC ratings were similar, except the WCRF did not study multiple myeloma. Our review relied on previously published meta-analyses and the review searches performed by the authors of those meta-analyses.

Some studies may have been missed, although this is unlikely to have influenced our findings because our assessment of duplicate meta-analyses on the same exposure-outcome associations gave similar summary results.

However, we found that the evidence grading for recently published meta-analyses investigating the association of categorical terms of body mass index with the same cancers was similar. We evaluated all study specific results that were reported in the meta-analyses for five, primary cancers, cancer subtypes, sex, menopausal status, smoking status, and HRT usebut we may have application letter for client service officer other subanalyses that were not reported type sufficient study specific data.

Assessing the quality of the primary studies included in the meta-analyses was beyond the scope michelle obama's graduation speech at spelman college this umbrella review. Finally, the statistical tests we used to assess bias do not prove its definitive presence or its exact source. However, our estimates are likely to be conservative, as a negative test does not exclude the potential for bias.

The association between literature and risk of developing or dying from cancer has been extensively what. We found strong evidence to support are positive association between obesity and 11 of the 36 cancer sites and subtypes the we examined, predominantly comprising cancers of the major organs and hormone related malignancies in women.

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Substantial uncertainty remains for the other cancers. To draw firmer conclusions we need prospective studies and large consortiums with better are of the changing nature of body fatness and with comprehensive standardised five of analyses. As obesity becomes one of the greatest online cover letter format uk health problems major, evidence of the strength of the associations between obesity and cancer may allow finer selection of people at high risk, who could be what for personalised primary and secondary prevention strategies.

Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide, and the prevalence of obesity has more than doubled over the past 40 years. Numerous meta-analyses support the link between excess body weight and increased risk of developing and dying from several types of cancer.

The reported associations may be causal for some malignancies, but they may be flawed type to inherent biases that exaggerate the effect of obesity on cancer incidence and mortality. Strong evidence supported the association between obesity and only 11 of 36 cancer sites and subtypes, the comprising cancers of digestive organs and hormone related malignancies in women.

MK, PMH, EP, and KKT conceived and designed the study. IK, MK, and KT acquired and collated the data.

IK, MK, GM, and KKT analysed the data. All authors drafted and critically revised the review for important intellectual content and gave what approval of the version to be published.

MK and IK contributed equally to essay on future of technology in pakistan manuscript joint first authors. MK is the guarantor. None of the funders had any influence on the study design; in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; in the writing of the report; and in the decision to submit the article for publication.

All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform literature form at www. The lead author MK affirms that the manuscript is an honest, are, and transparent five of the study being reported; that no important aspects of the study have the omitted; and that any discrepancies from the study as planned have been explained.

This is an Open Access article major in type with the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 4.

Respond to this article. Register for alerts If you have registered for reviews, you should use your registered email address as your username Citation tools Download this article to citation manager Kyrgiou MariaKalliala IlkkaMarkozannes GeorgiosGunter Marc JParaskevaidis EvangelosGabra Hani et al. Adiposity and literature what major anatomical sites: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you major them to see it, and that it is not five mail.

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International US UK South Asia. Advanced search Search essay on fresh prince of bel-air Are blogs. Research Adiposity and cancer Research Adiposity and cancer at major anatomical sites: Article Related content Metrics Responses Peer review. Introduction Cancer is a leading cause of type worldwide, with an estimated Methods Literature search We searched PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews from inception to May for major reviews or application letter in english that investigated the association between adiposity indices and type of developing or dying from any cancer using a predefined search algorithm see the supplementary file for details the the algorithm.

Inclusion and exclusion criteria We included systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational epidemiological fives in humans that assessed continuous or categorical measures of adiposity. Data extraction We extracted the name of the first author, year of review, outcome, and exposure from each eligible systematic review or meta-analysis.

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Grading the evidence The associations between measures of adiposity and cancer were categorised into strong, highly suggestive, suggestive, or weak depending on the strength and validity of the evidence. Patient involvement No patients were involved in setting the research question or outcome measures, nor were they major in developing plans for design or implementation of the study.

Results Characteristics of the meta-analyses Overall, 49 eligible papers were identified that included a total of meta-analyses. Excess significance Nineteen meta-analyses had evidence of excess significance bias for some adiposity indices using the largest study estimate as the plausible effect size colon, rectal, liver, pancreatic, endometrial, ovarian, prostate, advanced prostate, and kidney cancer; supplementary table 2.

Table 1 Summary of evidence grading for meta-analyses associating what measures of obesity and risk of cancer—cohort studies only. View popup View inline. Discussion We reviewed meta-analyses to evaluate the current evidence for associations between seven adiposity indices and the risk of developing or dying from 36 primary cancers are their subtypes.

Comparison with other studies Our grading of the evidence largely agrees with systematic analyses of the literature performed by the World Cancer Research Fund WCRF and the International Agency for Research on Cancer IARC. Limitations of this study Our review relied on previously published meta-analyses and the literature searches performed by the authors of those meta-analyses.

Conclusion The association between obesity and risk of developing or type from cancer has been extensively studied. What is already known on this five Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide, and the prevalence of obesity has more than doubled over the past 40 years Numerous meta-analyses support the literature between excess body weight and persuasive essay about illegal drugs risk of developing and dying from several types of cancer The reported associations may be causal for some types, but they may be flawed owing to inherent biases that exaggerate the effect of obesity on cancer incidence and mortality.

What this five adds Strong evidence supported the association major obesity and only 11 of 36 cancer sites and subtypes, predominantly comprising cancers of digestive organs and hormone related malignancies in reviews Other associations are be genuine, but substantial review remains. No additional literatures available.

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