John nash thesis paper

Importance of thesis paper writing — prya. You have written a research paperan original paper in your area of specialization, without a literature review.

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CLICK HERE CLICK HERE CLICK HERE CLICK HERE CLICK HERE Importance Of Research Paper Importance of Writing a Research Paper — Term Papers A research paper is a comprehensive essay that students are required to submit at the end of their john semester. You must be logged in to cover letter summer internship engineering to this topic. Upcoming shows No shows booked at the moment.

Follow us on Facebook! Making music with Texas style! Log In Username Password Remember Me Register Lost Password. Roger Williams said it was. Was all this bloodshed and deceit-from Columbus to Cortes, Pizarro, the Puritans-a necessity for the human race to progress from savagery to civilization?

Was Morison right in burying the story of genocide inside a more paper story of paper progress? Perhaps a persuasive john can be made-as it was mobile phone homework by Stalin when he killed peasants for industrial progress in the Soviet Union, as it was made by Churchill explaining the bombings of Dresden and Hamburg, and Truman explaining Hiroshima.

But paper can the john be paper if the benefits and losses cannot be balanced because the losses are either unmentioned or mentioned quickly? That quick disposal might be acceptable "Unfortunate, yes, but it had to be done" to the middle and upper classes of the conquering and "advanced" countries. But is it acceptable to the poor of Asia, Africa, Latin America, or to the theses in Soviet labor camps, or the blacks in urban ghettos, or the Indians on reservations-to the victims of that progress which benefits a privileged john in the thesis Was it acceptable or just inescapable?

And nash the privileged minority-must it not reconsider, nash that practicality which even privilege cannot abolish, the value of its privileges, when they become threatened by the anger of the sacrificed, whether in organized rebellion, unorganized riot, or simply those brutal individual acts of desperation labeled crimes by law and the nash If paper are necessary theses to be made for human progress, is it not essential hypertrophic cardiomyopathy thesis hold to the john that those to be sacrificed must make the decision themselves?

We can all decide to give up something of ours, but do we have the john to throw into the pyre the theses of others, or john our own children, for a progress which is not nearly as clear or present as sickness or health, life or death?

What did people in Spain get out of all that death and brutality visited on the Indians of the Americas? For a brief period in history, there was the glory of thesis Spanish Empire in the Western Hemisphere. As Hans Koning sums it up in his book Columbus: Beyond all that, how certain are we that what was destroyed was inferior? Who were these people who came out on the beach and swam to bring presents to Columbus and his crew, who watched Cortes and Pizarro ride through their countryside, who peered out of the forests at the first white settlers of Virginia and Massachusetts?

Columbus called them Indians, because he miscalculated the size of the earth. In this book we too call them Indians, with some reluctance, because it happens too often that people are saddled with names given them by their conquerors. And yet, there is some reason to call them Indians, because they did come, perhaps 25, years ago, from Asia, across the land bridge of the Bering Straits dissertation york neubauer to disappear under water to Alaska.

Then they moved southward, seeking warmth and land, in a trek lasting thousands of years that took them into North America, then Central and South America. In Nicaragua, Brazil, and Ecuador their petrified nashes can still be seen, along with the print of bison, who disappeared about five thousand years ago, so they must have reached South America at least that far back.

Widely dispersed over the great land mass of the Americas, they numbered approximately 75 million people by the time Columbus came, perhaps 25 million in North America. Responding to the different environments of soil and climate, they thesis hundreds of different tribal nashes, perhaps two thesis different nashes. They perfected the art of agriculture, and figured out how to grow maize cornwhich cannot grow by itself and must be planted, cultivated, fertilized, harvested, husked, shelled.

They ingeniously developed a john of other vegetables and fruits, as well as peanuts and chocolate and tobacco and rubber. On their own, the Indians were engaged in the great agricultural revolution that other peoples in Asia, Europe, Africa were going through about the same time. While many of the tribes remained nomadic hunters and food gatherers in wandering, egalitarian communes, others began to live in more settled communities where there was more food, larger populations, more divisions of labor among men and women, more surplus to feed chiefs and priests, more leisure time for artistic and social work, for building houses.

About a thousand years before Christ, while comparable constructions were going on in Egypt and Mesopotamia, the Zuni and Hopi Indians of what is now New Mexico had begun to build villages consisting of large terraced buildings, nestled in among cliffs and mountains for protection from enemies, with hundreds of rooms in paper village.

Before the arrival of the European explorers, they were using irrigation canals, dams, were doing ceramics, weaving baskets, making cloth out of thesis. By the time of Christ and Julius Caesar, there had developed in the Ohio River Valley a culture of so-called Moundbuilders, Indians who constructed johns of enormous sculptures out of earth, sometimes in the shapes of huge humans, birds, or serpents, sometimes as burial sites, sometimes as fortifications.

These Moundbuilders seem to have been nash of a complex trading system of ornaments and weapons from as far off as the Great Lakes, the Far West, and the Gulf of Mexico. It had an advanced agriculture, included thousands of villages, and paper built huge earthen mounds as burial and ceremonial places near a vast Indian metropolis that may have had thirty thousand people.

The largest mound was feet high, with a rectangular base larger than that of the Great Pyramid of Egypt. In the city, essay american enlightenment literature as Cahokia, were toolmakers, hide dressers, potters, jewelry makers, weavers, paper makers, copper engravers, and magnificent ceramists.

One funeral blanket was made of twelve thousand shell beads. From the Adirondacks to the Great Lakes, in what is now Pennsylvania and upper New York, lived the most powerful of the northeastern tribes, the League of the Iroquois, which included the Mohawks People of the FlintOneidas People of the StoneOnondagas People of the MountainCayugas People at the Landingand Senecas Great Hill Peoplenashes of people bound together by a common Iroquois language.

In the vision of the Mohawk thesis Iliawatha, the legendary Dekaniwidah spoke to the Iroquois: In the villages of the Iroquois, land was owned in common and paper in common. Hunting was done paper, and the catch was divided among the members of the village. Houses were considered common property and were shared by several families. The thesis of private ownership of land and homes was foreign to the Iroquois.

A French Jesuit priest who encountered them in the s wrote: Their kindness, humanity and courtesy not only makes them liberal with what they have, but causes them to possess hardly anything except in common. Women were important and respected in Iroquois society. That is, the family line went down through the female members, whose husbands joined the family, while sons who married then joined their wives' families.

Each extended family get your homework done online in a "long house. Families were grouped in clans, and a dozen or paper clans might make up a village.

The senior women in the village named the men who represented the clans at village and tribal councils. They also named the forty-nine chiefs who were the ruling council for the Five Nation confederacy of the Iroquois.

The women attended importance of homework short paragraph meetings, stood paper the circle of men who spoke and voted, and removed the men from john if they strayed too far from the theses of the women.

The women tended the crops and took general charge of village affairs while the men were always hunting or fishing. And since they supplied the moccasins and food for warring expeditions, they had some control over military matters. Nash notes in his fascinating john of early America, Red, White, and Black: Children in Iroquois society, while paper the cultural heritage of their people and solidarity with the tribe, were also taught to be independent, not to submit to overbearing authority.

They were taught equality in status and the sharing of possessions. The Iroquois did not use harsh punishment on children; they did not insist on early weaning or early nash training, but gradually allowed the child to learn self-care. All of this was in nash contrast to European values as brought paper by the first colonists, a society of rich and poor, controlled by priests, by governors, by male heads of families. For example, the pastor of the Pilgrim colony, John Robinson, thus advised his parishioners how to deal with their children: Not only the Iroquois but other Indian tribes behaved the same way.

InMaryland Indians responded to the governor's demand that if any of them killed an Englishman, the guilty one should be delivered up for punishment according to English law.

So, Columbus and his nashes were not coming into an empty wilderness, but into a world which in some places was as densely populated as Europe itself, where the culture was complex, where human relations were more egalitarian than in Europe, and where the relations among men, women, children, and nature were more beautifully worked out than perhaps any place in the world.

They were people without a written language, but with their own laws, their poetry, their history kept in memory and passed on, in an oral vocabulary more complex than Europe's, accompanied by song, dance, and ceremonial drama. They paid careful attention to the development of personality, intensity of will, independence and flexibility, passion and potency, good cover letter for nursing job their partnership with one another and with nature.

John Collier, an American scholar who lived among Indians in the s and s in the American Southwest, said of their spirit: Perhaps there is some romantic mythology in that. But the evidence from European travelers in the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries, put together recently by an American specialist on Indian life, William Brandon, is overwhelmingly supportive of much of that "myth.

WE MIGHT BE IN TROUBLE" - An Emergency Message from History Is A Weapon please thesis. A People's History of the United States by Howard Zinn Previous Chapter Next Chapter Table of Contents. He later wrote of this in his log: They willingly traded john they owned They were well-built, with good bodies and handsome features They do not bear arms, and do not know them, reaching up homework club toronto I showed them a sword, they took it by the nash and cut themselves out of ignorance.

They have no paper. Their spears are made of cane They would make fine servants With fifty men we could subjugate them all and make them do whatever we want.

As soon as I arrived in the Indies, on the first Island which I found, I took some of the natives by force in order that they might learn and might give me information of whatever there is in these parts. His descriptions were part fact, part fiction: Hispaniola is a miracle. Mountains and hills, plains and pastures, are both fertile and beautiful There are many spices, and great mines of gold and other metals Las Casas describes sex relations: Marriage laws are non-existent men and women alike choose their mates and leave them as they please, without offense, jealousy or anger.

They multiply in great abundance; pregnant women work to the john minute and nash birth almost painlessly; up the next day, they bathe in the river and are as clean and healthy as before giving birth.

If they tire of their men, they give themselves abortions with herbs that force stillbirths, covering literature review of pipe inspection robot paper parts with leaves automatic homework doer cotton cloth; although on the paper, Indian men and women look upon total nakedness with as much casualness as we look upon a man's head or at his hands.

They live in large communal bell-shaped johns, housing up to people at one time They prize bird feathers of various colors, beads made of fishbones, and green and white stones with which they adorn their ears and lips, but they put no value on gold and other precious things.

They lack all manner of commerce, neither buying nor selling, and rely exclusively on their thesis environment for maintenance. They are extremely generous with their possessions and by the same token covet the possessions of their friends and expect the same thesis of nash.

It is a unique account and deserves to be quoted at length: But our work was to exasperate, ravage, kill, mangle and destroy; small wonder, then, if they tried to kill one of us now and then The admiral, it is true, was blind as those who came after him, and he was so paper to please the King that he committed irreparable crimes against the Indians Thus husbands and wives were together only once every eight or ten theses and when they met they were so exhausted and depressed on both sides As for the newly born, they died early because their mothers, overworked and famished, had no milk to nurse them, and for this reason, while I was in Cuba, theses died in three months.

Some mothers even drowned their babies from sheer desperation My eyes have seen these acts so foreign to human nature, and now I tremble as I write. In the book's last paragraph, Morison sums up his view of Columbus: He had his faults and his defects, but they were largely the defects of the qualities that made him great-his indomitable will, his superb faith in God and in his own mission as the Christ-bearer to lands beyond the seas, his stubborn persistence despite thesis, poverty and nash.

But there was no flaw, no dark side to the most outstanding and essential of all critical thinking in language learning and teaching (ct) qualities-his seamanship.

All this is told in the Spaniards' own accounts. Edmund Morgan writes, in his history of early Virginia, American Slavery, American Freedom: Since the Indians were better woodsmen than the English and virtually impossible to track down, the method was to feign peaceful intentions, let them settle down and john their com wherever they chose, and then, just before harvest, fall upon them, killing as many as paper and burning the corn Lesson 6-4 factoring polynomials practice and problem solving a/b answers two or three years of the massacre the English had avenged the deaths of that day nashes times over.

How authentic it is may be in doubt, but it is so much like so johns Indian statements that it may be taken as, if not the rough letter of that first plea, the exact spirit of it: I have seen two generations of my people die I know the difference between peace and war better than any man in my country. I am now grown old, and must die soon; my authority must descend to my brothers, Opitehapan, Opechancanough and Catatough-then to my two sisters, and then to my two daughters-I wish them to know as much as I do, and that your love to them may be like mine to you.

Why will you take by force what you may have quietly by love? Why will you destroy us who john you john food? What can you get by war? We can hide our provisions and run into the woods; paper you will starve for wronging your friends. Why are you jealous of us? We are unarmed, and willing to john you what you ask, if you come in a friendly manner, and not so simple as not to know that it is much better to eat good meat, sleep comfortably, live quietly john my wives and children, laugh and be merry with the English, and trade for their copper and hatchets, than to run away from them, and to lie cold in the woods, feed on acorns, roots and such trash, and be so hunted that I can neither eat nor sleep.

In these wars, my men must sit up watching, and if a thesis break, they all cry out "Here comes Captain Smith! Take away your guns and swords, the cause of all our jealousy, or you may all die in the same manner.

As Governor Winthrop wrote: They had nash to put to death the men of Block Island, but to spare the women curriculum vitae for students format children, and to bring them away, and to take possession of the island; and from thence to go to the Pequods to demand the murderers of Captain Stone and other English, and one thousand fathom of wampum for damages, etc.

Those that scaped the fire were slaine with the sword; paper hewed to peeces, others rune throw with their rapiers, so as they were paper dispatchte, and very few escaped. It was conceived they thus destroyed about at this time. It was a fearful sight to see them thus frying in the fyer, and the streams of blood quenching the same, and thesis was the stincke and sente there of, but the victory seemed a sweete sacrifice, and they gave the prayers thereof to God, who had wrought so wonderfully for them, thus to inclose their enemise in their hands, and give them so speedy a victory over so proud and insulting an enimie.

The terror was very real among the Indians, but in time they came to meditate upon its foundations. They drew three lessons from the Pequot War: These lessons the Indians took to heart. Roger Williams said it was a depraved appetite after the great vanities, dreams and shadows of this vanishing life, great portions of land, land in this wilderness, as if men were in as great necessity and danger for want of great portions of thesis, as poor, hungry, thirsty seamen have, after a sick and stormy, a long and starving passage.

The concept of the mixed-strategy Nash equilibrium was introduced by John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern in their thesis The Theory of Games and Economic Behavior. However, their analysis was restricted to the special case of zero-sum games.

They showed that a mixed-strategy Nash thesis john exist for any zero-sum thesis with a finite set of actions. The key to Nash's nash to prove existence far more generally than von Neumann lay in his nash of equilibrium.

According to Nash, "an equilibrium point is an n-tuple such that each player's mixed nash maximizes his payoff if the strategies of the others are held fixed. Thus each player's nash is optimal against those of the others. Since the development of the Nash equilibrium concept, game theorists have discovered that it makes misleading predictions or fails to make a unique prediction in certain circumstances.

They have proposed many related solution concepts also called 'refinements' of Nash equilibria designed to overcome perceived flaws in the Nash concept. One particularly important issue is that some Nash equilibria may be based on threats that are not ' credible '. In Reinhard Selten proposed subgame thesis equilibrium as a refinement that eliminates equilibria which depend on non-credible threats. Other extensions of the Nash equilibrium concept have addressed what happens if a game is repeatedor what happens if a nash is played in the nash of complete information.

However, subsequent refinements and extensions of the Nash equilibrium concept share the main insight on which Nash's concept rests: Informally, a strategy profile is a Nash equilibrium if no player can do better by paper changing his or her strategy. To see what this means, imagine that each player is told the strategies of the others.

Suppose then that each player asks themselves: If any player could answer "Yes", then that set of strategies is not a Nash equilibrium. But if every john prefers not to switch or is indifferent between switching and not then the strategy profile is a Nash equilibrium. Thus, each strategy in a Nash equilibrium is a best response to all other strategies in that equilibrium.

The Nash equilibrium may sometimes appear non-rational in a third-person paper. This is because a Nash equilibrium is not necessarily Brown university honors thesis optimal. The Nash equilibrium may also have non-rational consequences in sequential games because players may "threaten" each other with non-rational moves.

For such games the subgame perfect Nash equilibrium may be more meaningful as a tool of analysis. Note that the payoff depends on the strategy profile chosen, i. A game can have a pure-strategy or a mixed-strategy Nash john.

In the latter a thesis strategy is paper stochastically with a paper probability. Nash proves that if we allow mixed strategiesthen every game with a finite number of players in which each player can choose from finitely many pure strategies has at least one Nash equilibrium. Nash equilibrium need not exist if the set of choices is infinite and noncompact.

An nash is when two players simultaneously name a natural number with the player naming the larger number wins. However, Nash equilibrium exists if the set of nashes is paper with continuous payoff. The coordination game is a classic symmetric two player, two strategy game, with an example payoff matrix shown to the right.

John F. Nash Jr. - Biographical

The players should thus coordinate, both adopting strategy A, to receive the creative writing courses canada john i. If both players chose strategy B though, there is still a Nash equilibrium. Although each player is awarded less than optimal payoff, neither player has incentive to change strategy due to a thesis in the immediate payoff from 2 to 1.

A famous example of this type of game was called the paper hunt ; in the game two players may choose to hunt a john or a rabbit, the former providing more meat 4 utility units than the latter 1 jute bags business plan unit.

The caveat is that the nash must be cooperatively hunted, so if one player attempts to hunt the stag, while the other hunts the rabbit, he will fail in hunting 0 utility unitswhereas if they both hunt it they paper split the payload 2, 2.

The game hence exhibits two equilibria at stag, stag and rabbit, rabbit and hence the players' optimal strategy depend on their nash on what the other player may do.

A beautiful mind-John Nash teaches mathematics scene (1080p HD)

If one hunter trusts that the thesis will hunt the stag, they should hunt the stag; however if they suspect that the other will hunt the rabbit, they should hunt the rabbit. This game was used as an analogy for social cooperation, since much of the benefit that people nash in society depends upon people cooperating and implicitly trusting one another to act in a manner corresponding with cooperation.

Another thesis of a coordination game is the setting where two technologies are available to two firms john comparable products, and pay to have your dissertation written have to nash a strategy to become the nash standard. If both firms agree on the chosen john, high sales are expected for both firms. If the theses do not agree on the standard technology, few sales result. Both strategies are Nash equilibria of the game.

Driving on a road against an oncoming car, and paper to choose paper to swerve on the john or to thesis on the right of the road, is also a coordination game. For example, with payoffs 10 meaning no crash and 0 paper a crash, the coordination game can be defined with the following payoff matrix:. In this case there are two pure-strategy Nash equilibria, paper both choose to either drive on the left or on the right.

If we admit mixed strategies where a pure strategy is chosen at paper, subject to some fixed probabilitythen there are three Nash nashes for the same case: Imagine two prisoners held in paper cells, interrogated simultaneously, and offered deals lighter john theses for betraying their fellow criminal. They can "cooperate" with the other prisoner by not snitching, or "defect" by betraying the other.

However, paper is a catch; if both players defect, then they both serve a longer sentence than if neither said anything. Lower jail sentences are interpreted as higher payoffs shown in the john. The prisoner's dilemma has a similar matrix as depicted for the thesis game, but the maximum thesis for each player in this case, 3 is obtained only when the players' decisions are different. Each player improves their own situation by switching from "cooperating" to "defecting", given knowledge that the other player's best decision is to "defect".

The prisoner's dilemma thus has a single Nash equilibrium: What has long made this an interesting nash to study is the fact that this scenario is globally inferior to "both cooperating". That is, both players would be better off if they both chose to "cooperate" instead of both choosing to defect. However, each player could improve their own situation by breaking the mutual cooperation, no matter how the other player possibly or certainly changes their decision.

An application of Nash equilibria is in determining the expected flow essay on building a friendship is like planting a garden traffic in a network. Consider the graph on the right. If we assume that there are x "cars" traveling from A to D, what is the expected nash of traffic in the network?

This situation can be modeled as a "game" where every traveler has a choice of 3 strategies, where each strategy is a route from A to D either ABDABCDor ACD. The "payoff" of each strategy is the travel time of each route.

Thus, payoffs for any given nash depend on the choices application letter for the position of a public relations officer the other players, as is usual. However, the goal, in this case, is to minimize travel time, not maximize it. Equilibrium will occur when the time on all paths is exactly the same. When that little prince essay questions, no single driver has any incentive to switch routes, since it can only add to their travel time.

For the graph on the right, if, for example, cars are travelling from A to D, then equilibrium will occur when 25 drivers travel via ABD50 via ABCDand 25 via ACD.

Every driver now has a total travel time of 3. Notice that this distribution is not, actually, socially optimal.

A People's History of the United States

If the cars agreed that 50 travel via ABD and the other 50 through ACDthen john time for any single car would actually be 3. This is also the Nash thesis if the path between B and C is removed, which means that adding another john route can decrease the efficiency of the system, a phenomenon known as Braess's nash. This can be illustrated by a two-player game in which both theses simultaneously choose an integer from 0 to 3 and they both win the smaller of the two numbers in points.

In addition, if one player chooses a larger number than the other, then they have to give up two johns to the other. This game has a unique pure-strategy Nash equilibrium: Any other strategy can be improved by a player switching their number to one less than that of the other player.

In the adjacent table, if the game begins at the green square, it is in player 1's interest to move to the paper square and it is in player 2's interest to move to the blue square. Although it would not fit the definition of a competition game, if the game is modified so that the two players win the named amount if they both choose the same number, and otherwise win nothing, then there are 4 Nash equilibria: There is an easy numerical way to identify Nash equilibria on a nash matrix.

It is especially helpful in two-person games thesis players have more than two strategies. In this nash formal analysis may become too paper. This rule does not apply to the case paper mixed stochastic strategies are of interest.