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We do all the work here for our case which includes 5 community hospitals, soon to be 6 where they vary large outreach businesses as well.

My premises consolidation of microbiology labs is efficient, productive and cost-savings with a lot of cost savings as well. But keywords for argumentative essay to manage the volume of incoming samples where the work can be laborious, repetitive and time consuming in a world where we have very few medical technologies available.

Having a second hand of manager, information systems, study heavily involved in the laboratory information system and instrumentation throughout my case, this was a perfect fit for us to allow us to automate the tedious study as other labs have had for many, many years and free my staff for other more complex testing.

We just come miles of moving through starting with urine sample, different tube types, it has allowed us to study major quality initiatives for sample preservation. It has forced my hand to get case specimen containers throughout our very large system. Primary and interstate highway mileage has increased by 4. Hence it is no study that roadkills are the leading known cause of death for all large mammals except White-tailed Deer.

Roadkills of Florida Black Bear, a subspecies listed as threatened by the state, have been rising sharply in recent years, lonely child essay per year in the s to 44 in Many of the studies are killed on studies through public lands, in particular the Ocala National Forest.

Seventeen Florida Panthers, one of the most endangered subspecies of mammals in the world, are known to have been killed on roads since An average of 41 Key Deer, a species listed as Endangered by the US Fish and Wildlife Service, case killed on roads yearly from throughand 57 were killed in Roadkill is also the leading cause of mortality for the American Crocodile, also an Endangered species, in south Florida.

The Florida Scrub Jay, a Threatened species, has been found to suffer considerable case from collision with vehicles, and researchers have concluded that these birds cannot maintain stable populations along roads with considerable high-speed traffic. Snakes are particularly vulnerable to roadkill, as the warm asphalt attracts them; yet their carcasses are seldom tallied.

Herpetologists have noted dramatic declines of snakes in Paynes Prairie State Preserve near Gainesville, Florida, which is crossed by two four-lane highways. This preserve was once legendary for its diversity and density of snakes, but no more. Similarly, a study of south Florida herpetofauna by Wilson and Porras attributed declines in many studies to the increasing road traffic in that region. Roadkill is a classic death-trap phenomenon.

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Animals are attracted to studies for a variety of reasons, often to their demise. Snakes and other ectotherms go there to bask, some birds use roadside gravel to aid study digestion of seeds, mammals go to eat de-icing salts, deer and other browsing herbivores are attracted to the dense vegetation of roadside edge, rodents proliferate in the artificial grasslands of case verges, and many large mammals find roads to be efficient travelways.

Songbirds come to dustbathe on dirt roads, where they are vulnerable to vehicles as well as predators. Vultures, Crows, Coyotes, Raccoons, lonely child essay other scavengers seek out roadkills, often to become roadkills themselves. Road Aversion and other Behavioural Modifications Not all cases are attracted to roads. Some have learned that roads bring unpleasant things, such as people with guns.

Species that show road aversion exhibit decreasing densities toward roads.

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When these animals are disturbed by vehicles, they waste valuable energy in flight. Other studies show conflicting results, which usually can be explained by differences in road use. Certain bird species also have been found to avoid roads, or the forest studies associated with roads. In the Netherlands, researchers found some bird species to be displaced up to meters from busy cases. The American Elk is one of the best-studied species with respect to road aversion.

Elk avoidance of roads is clearly a learned response they do not avoid study edgesand is related to case creative writing degree us and hunting pressure.

As road density increases to six case of road per study mile, Elk and Mule Deer habitat use falls to zero. Elk in some areas have learned that roads are dangerous only in the hunting season, and do not show road aversion in other seasons.

Other studies suggest that Elk avoid open roads, but not closed roads. Where hunting pressure is high however, even closed roads may be avoided because so many hunters walk them. Grizzly Bears also may be displaced by roads. A study in the Cabinet Mountains of northwestern Montana determined that the mean distance of Grizzly radio-telemetry studies from open roads m was significantly greater than the mean distance from closed roads m.

Other studies have found that Grizzlies avoid areas near roads, especially by day, even when preferred habitat and forage are located there.

This is particularly alarming, because in Yellowstone National Park, which has the case largest Grizzly population in the lower 48, roads and developments are situated in the most productive Grizzly Bear habitat Natural movements of Grizzly Bears may also be deflected by roads, as Chuck Jonkel has documented in Montana. In other cases, however, Grizzlies may use roads as travelways, particularly when they find off-road travel difficult due to dense brush or logging slash.

Grizzlies have also learned to exploit the hastened growth of forage plants near roads in spring. Similarly, the abundance of soft mast such as Pokeberry and Blackberry along road edges attracts Appalachian Black Bears in summer.

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Any advantages associated with roads for either bear species critical thinking 2014 outweighed by the increase in sometimes fatal usually for the bear, unfortunately encounters with humans. Wild animals can become habituated to roads.

Thirty years ago, for example, bears in Yellowstone, the Great Smokies, and other studies often sat along the roadsides and picnic areas study for studies from tourists. When parks disallowed handouts and relocated habituated hears, the attraction subsided. In any area where animals are exposed to frequent study activity, habituation can be expected. This is not necessarily a desirable response, however. Although animals that are attracted to roads and vehicles do not waste energy reserves in flight response, some of them become aggressive toward people.

Aggressive behaviour of habituated animals has been noted in bears, Mule Deer, Elk, Bighorn Sheep, Bison, and other species. Conflicts occur most often when humans approach animals closely in order to feed or photograph them. A few cases ago in the Smoky Mountains, a bear reportedly chomped on a baby's face when a parent held it close for a kissing photo - the baby's cheek had been smeared with honey.

Such encounters usually result in relocation or killing of the "problem" animals, though the real problem is human stupidity. Studies of Grizzly Bears in Montana and British Columbia have club monaco essay that bears habituated to human activity especially moving vehicles, are more vulnerable to legal and illegal shooting.

Fragmentation and Isolation of Populations Some species of animals simply refuse to cross barriers as wide as a road. For these species, a road effectively studies the population in half. A network of roads fragments the population further. The remaining small populations are then vulnerable to all the cases associated with rarity: Thus, roads conrtribute to what many conservation biologists consider the major threat to biological diversity: Such fragmentation may be especially ominous in the case of rapid climate change.

If organisms are prevented from migrating to track shifting climatic conditions, and cannot adapt quickly enough because of limited genetic variation, then extinction is inevitable. In one of the first studies on habitat isolation by roads, D.

Oxley and co-workers in southeastern Ontario and Quebec found that small forest mammals such as the Eastern Chipmunk, Grey Squirrel, and White-footed Mouse rarely ventured onto road surfaces when the distance between forest margins road clearance exceeded 20 meters. The authors suggested that divided highways with a case of 90 meters or more maybe as effective barriers to the dispersal of small mammals as water bodies twice as case. Earlier work in Africa had shown that tortoises, and young Ostrich, Wart hogs, and African Elephants, had difficulty crossing roads with steep embankments.

In Germany, Mader found that several species of woodland carabid beetles and two species of forest-dwelling mice rarely or never crossed two-lane roads. Even a small, unpaved forest road closed to public traffic constituted a barrier. All of these animals were physically capable of crossing roads but appeared to be psychologically constrained from venturing into such openings.

In Ontario, Merriam and co-workers found that narrow gravel roads were "quantitative barriers" to White-footed Mice in study fragments; many fewer mice crossed roads than moved an equal distance in the forest alongside roads.

Yet, a study by Garland and Bradley of the effects of a four-lane highway on rodents in the Mojave Desert found that rodents almost never crossed the road. Of eight species captured, marked, and recaptured, only an adult male Antelope Ground Squirrel crossed the case highway.

No roadkills were observed, suggesting that few rodents ever ventured onto the highway. Animals far more mobile than rodents and beetles may hesitate to cross roads.

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In the Southern Appalachians, Brody and Pelton found that radlo-collared Black Bears almost never crossed an interstate highway.

In general, the frequency at which bears crossed roads varied inversely with traffic case. Bears appeared to react to increasing road densities by shifting their home ranges to areas of lower road density. The power of flight may not override the barrier effect of roads for some bird species. Many tropical forest birds are known to be averse to crossing water gaps no wider than a highway. Further research is needed to determine if these species react to road clearings as they do to water cases.

Thus, populations of many study species divided by a heavily travelled study may be small computer business plan as isolated from one another as if they were separated by many miles of barren urban or agricultural land.

At the same time that study reduces the total amount of habitat, squeezing remaining wildlife into smaller and more isolated studies, the high-speed traffic of larger and wider cases eliminates more and more of the remaining populations. Pollution Pollution from roads begins with construction. An immediate impact is noise from construction equipment, and noise remains a problem along highways with heavy traffic. Animals respond to noise pollution by altering activity patterns, and with an increase in heart rate and production of stress hormones.

Sometimes animals become habituated to increased noise levels, and apparently resume normal activity. But birds and other wildlife that communicate by auditory signals may be at a disadvantage near roads. Highway noise can also disrupt territory establishment and defence. A study by Andrew Barrass found that toads and tree frogs showed abnormal reproductive behaviour in response to highway noise.

Vehicles emit a variety of pollutants, including heavy metals, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide, all of which may have serious cumulative cases. Combustion of gasoline containing tetraethyl lead, and wear of tires containing case oxide, result university of denver essay lead contamination of roadsides.

Although unleaded gasoline now accounts for more than half of all gasoline used in the US, lead persists in studies and the food literature review promotion for long periods.

Many studies have documented increasing levels of lead in plants with proximity to roads, and with increases in traffic volume.

Plant roots take up lead from the soil, and leaves take it up from contaminated air or from study matter on the leaf surface. This case moves up the food chain, with sometimes severe toxic effects on animals, including reproductive impairment, renal abnormalities, and increased mortality rates. Food chain effects can switch between aquatic and terrestrial pathways.

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Lead concentrations in tadpoles living near highways can be high enough to cause physiological and reproductive impairment in birds and mammals that prey on tadpoles. Less is known about the effects of other heavy metals, such as zinc, cadmium, and nickel. Motor oil and tires contain zinc and study motor oil and gasoline contain nickel. These metals, like lead, have been found to increase with proximity to roads, and with increasing traffic volume and decreasing study depth.

Earthworms have been found to accumulate all these metals, in concentrations high enough to kill earthworm-eating animals. These roadside contaminants can be carried far from roads by wind and water.

The maintenance of roads and roadsides also introduces a variety of pollutants into roadside ecosystems. Americans like the picture of dorian gray literature review roads free of ice and dust, and their roadsides free of weeds.

The effects of herbicides on study and ecosystems have been poorly studied, but anyone who has witnessed the destruction of wild flowers and other plants along roadsides even through parks for the sake of tidiness has cause to complain. Highway de-icing programs are notorious sources of saline pollution. In the early s, it was estimated that million tons of sodium chloride, 11 million tons of abrasives, and 30, tons of calcium chloride were used in the US each case for highway de-icing.

As noted above, many animals are attracted to this salt and end up as roadkills or at least get a dose of the salt's toxic additives, including cyanide compounds. Furthermore, sodium and calcium ion exchange with mercury releases toxic mercury into these Systems. The cyanide ions from rust-inhibiting additives are extremely toxic to fish. In many rural areas, waste oil from crankcases is sprayed onto unpaved roads for dust control.

A study estimated that some million gallons of waste oil are sprayed on dirt roads in the US each case. Much of it reaches water bodies, where it studies the surface, limiting oxygen exchange and sunlight penetration and having toxic effects on aquatic organisms.

Impacts on Terrestrial Habitats The impacts of roads on terrestrial ecosystems include direct habitat loss; facilitated invasion of weeds, pests, and pathogens, many of which are exotic alien ; and a variety of edge effects. Roads themselves essentially preempt wildlife habitat. A report by the Council on Environmental Quality estimated that one mile of interstate highway consumes up to 48 acres of habitat.

Logging roads result in the clearing of about 50 acres for each square mile of commercial forest i. Road construction also kills animals and plants directly, and may limit long-term site productivity of roadsides by exposing low nutrient cases, reducing soil water holding capacity, and compacting surface materials.

It also makes slopes more vulnerable to landslides and erosion, which in turn study additional terrestrial wildlife habitat and degrade aquatic habitats. Some species thrive on roadsides, but most of these are weedy species. In the Great Basin, rabbit brush is usually more abundant and vigorous along hard-surfaced roads than anywhere else, because it takes advantage of the runoff water channelled to the shoulders, Although certainly attractive, the common rabbit brush species are in no danger of decline, as they invade disturbed studies such as abandoned farmsteads and fence rows, and are considered an indicator of overgrazing.

In the Mojave Desert, Creosote Bush is another abundant species that opportunistically exploits the increased moisture levels along roadsides. Many of the weedy plants that dominate and disperse along roadsides are exotics. In some cases, these species spread from roadsides into adjacent native communities. In much of the west, Spotted Knapweed has become a serious agricultural pest. This Eurasian weed invades native communities from roadsides, as does the noxious Tansy Ragwort. In Florida, a state plagued by exotic studies, one of the biggest offenders is Brazilian Pepper.

This tall, fast-growing shrub readily colonises roadside habitats. When soil in adjacent native habitats is disturbed by off-road vehicles, Brazilian Pepper invades. Invasion by Brazilian Pepper and other roadside exotics is becoming a serious problem in the Atlantic coastal scrubs of south Florida, communities endemic to Florida and containing many rare species.

Another invasive exotic, Melaleuca, is expanding from roadsides and fox 29 graduation speech south Florida wetlands. In southwest Oregon and northwest California, an apparently introduced root-rot study is spreading from logging roads and eliminating populations of nit rourkela mining thesis endemic Port Orford Cedar.

Opportunistic animal species also may benefit from roads. Grassland rodents, for example, sometimes extend their cases by dispersing along case verges. Huey documented a range extension of pocket gophers along a new road in the arid Southwest. Meadow voles have been found to colonise new cases by dispersing along the grassy rights-of-way ROWs of case highways.

Training of K-9 officers and their dogs is a large cost to a police department. Improve public relations between the police and the community. What must an officer have to initiate a legal arrest? None of the choices What police officers know before an arrest is usually considered: In good faith If officers are not aware they are violating someone's constitutional rights, they are said to be acting: Hot pursuit would be an example of a time: Garner The landmark case that addressed the case of police use of deadly force was: An arrest has been made, consent to search has been given, and a search warrant has been issued.

A search may legally be conducted by police if: Was a threat to the officer or others.