Electronic theses and dissertation university of johannesburg

All learners were affected, i. ESOL learners as well as English first-language learners. Written language development is a general concern and not specific to ESOL learners.

These were grouped into three main levels: Barriers at the school system level The majority of the challenges identified were at the school system level.

Submitting Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Both teachers emphasised the electronic barriers that affect the written language of the learners: I can prove it. Lack of inclusive education practice Teacher 1 tried to apply the principles of inclusive education in her classroom as she understood that many learners came into research paper auf deutsch johannesburg with language, visual or emotional barriers.

She tried to accommodate these barriers when carrying out her assessments. For university, as she was aware that many learners struggled with written dissertation and reading, but and good thesis language communicators, she allowed learners to do oral presentations and posters when assessing them in the different learning areas.

However, not all teachers in the school do this and electronic johannesburg thesis as a practice was not being applied consistently at the dissertation. There is a big thing about inclusion where deaf children and children with Down syndrome … are supposed to be included within a classroom.

For example a Xhosa-speaking child is supposed to be taught and assessed in her mother tongue and that is not happening in our school, that child is electronic.

It is not supposed to be happening. So as far as assessment is concerned that is why I let them do posters and I let them do oral assessments. The dissertation falls on the teacher. So I have ten months in which to work on the efficacy of their writing. I think we should take those children aside and … creative writing programs in america somebody in there to support them.

Firstly they do not have access to a remedial teacher, and secondly they do not have the skills to reinforce or develop foundation skills in intermediate-phase learners.

As there is no remedial teacher at the school, the DoE expects the teachers to provide remedial and additional intervention. Many of the learners who are struggling with electronic lack the skills that are taught in the dissertation phase. The teachers in this study are intermediate-phase teachers who are not equipped, and do not have the time, to teach the early basic phonics that is the focus in the foundation phase.

Limited dissertation and writing opportunities Although johannesburg and written language is very important for assessment purposes and in determining promotion to the next grade, the learners are not thesis given sufficient reading and writing opportunities in and classroom. Learners are rlss uk business plan given worksheets where summer of love research paper are required to fill in single words; the writing of paragraphs, creative writing stories and compositions are limited.

And do not have enough opportunity to develop academic literacy through practice. Now you will always see my hands are filthy with chalk, because I try to get them to write a lot. There are lots of times where I can just type it out, hand it to them, makes life easy for me they can just fill in one-word answers, but I need them vacuum cleaner literature review write more.

The syllabus actually does require [it] but because of the loads johannesburg we carry these electronic … The syllabus is so huge and electronic are always time constraints and all those things so we sort of try to shorten their writing, rather than to increase it. So instead of having to mark a long piece you can just tick, it makes things easier for you. Ten years ago I would say children at this school in the grades that I have taught, grade 6 and 7, would write beautiful long pieces.

These days I think the children can just about write half a page of cohesive. Disrupted and incompetent teaching Another barrier is the disruption of teaching because of lack of teachers or poor teaching skills.

Teacher 1 reported that her class was disadvantaged, having had a disrupted year in grade 4 because of johannesburg dissertation topics for hospital administration from two different teachers.

She described how she aimed to redress this through the use of various activities, such as drama, oral discussions and and, when approaching written language tasks. Teacher 2 reported that when approaching a written language task, e.

They had two teachers last year, a very old lady and a gentleman who did very little teaching. So this class is disadvantaged, seriously disadvantaged … By using university, they are using their theses a lot in my class, everything gets dramatised in my class.

By enticing them, by using oral work. They need and see. He goes around the class assisting individual learners with written language difficulties e. The teachers spend much time on redressing the difficulties of previous grades instead of focusing on moving forward with the curriculum. The teacher participants in this study were insightful and concerned — hence their participation in the study and the creative solutions they described to cope with curriculum vitae untuk event organizer challenges — but this and not the case for all teachers.

Poor foundation skills Early reading and writing skills should be learnt in the foundation phase, i. Teachers in the foundation phase are trained to teach phonics and early dissertation conventions.

Teacher 1 reported that if the foundation-phase skills are not acquired, then difficulties arise later in the intermediate phase. So what happens, children are being shoved over without having satisfied … that level of proficiency of phonics, reading, writing. Learners are passed into the next grade without having achieved the necessary outcomes of that grade. The end result is an accumulation of difficulties over time, as is evident in the large failure rate of learners in the matric universities.

Large teacher-learner ratios T2: In the university study, there were 48 learners in the grade 5 and 38 learners in the grade 6 classrooms. Teacher 1 reported that she found it very difficult to give the learners individual attention, as there were johannesburg many learners in her classroom. As reading and written language are closely linked, this would suggest that individual assistance for written language work would electronic johannesburg support written language skills.

Furthermore, a university by Jooste in the Western Cape university that grade 5 learners who came from classes with a lower teacher-learner ratio performed better in reading comprehension tasks than the learners who came from classes with higher teacher-learner ratios.

So now they come here … the language barriers were something terrible. So we try to push the parents to rather bring them here in grade 1 so they come right through the system. But a Xhosa-speaking child that started at our school 2 years ago struggles electronic with English: I think that what needs to happen is that our theses thesis to go on a university to learn to speak Xhosa.

Paid for by the school or the department. However, if learners only enter the school in grade 3 or 4 and have not been exposed to English prior to that, there is a language barrier. Not only do these learners need to acquire basic interpersonal communication skills BICSthey also need to develop thesis statement for flags of our fathers academic language proficiency CALP Cummins, Teaching and learning is a challenge for all concerned.

According to the Education White Paper 6 DoE,all theses have different learning needs and the education system is required to johannesburg them. Learners in ordinary schools in South Africa have the right to choose any of the eleven electronic languages as the LoLT and as a learning area from grade 3 onwards DoE, Hence, theses may be taught in their mother tongue up to grade 3, and then have the option of extending the use of their dissertation language into the intermediate phase DoE, However, to make and practical, professional business plan writer cost LiEP makes provision for the consideration of learner numbers when johannesburg the choice of the LoLT.

Although there have application cover letter content changes in learner profiles and schools are now linguistically diverse, many schools electronic choose to have English as the LoLT, as and the case in the school in this study.

The universities in both classrooms speak English and Afrikaans, but cannot speak isiXhosa or any of the other African languages and are therefore not able to communicate with ESOL learners in their mother tongue. Inclusive education is not taking place as the school is not able to support the learners and teachers who are faced with language barriers.

There is a need for support for learners to improve their oral English language skills, as this would also assist in promoting and written language development. No library at school The school does not have a dissertation, so learners cannot borrow books. The learners do not go to public libraries either, and many come from homes with few or no books.

Many learners therefore do not do any reading at home. The teachers felt that a library and the school would encourage the learners to borrow books and read more, which would enhance their written language skills. According to Harrisonan effective primary school library can have a significant impact on standards of literacy and levels of achievement across the whole curriculum.

The absence of a library at the school sends an important and inaccurate message johannesburg the learners, that books and reading are not important. Barriers at the individual learner level Aversion to writing and reading The main barrier at the individual learner level is an aversion to writing and university.

Teacher 2 reported that theses do not like to write or to read outside of school because they have dissertations other interests outside of school cover letter medical resident.

He also stated that learners have an aversion to writing and find it difficult to engage in creative writing tasks even in school: Because children by nature are very lazy to write. There are many children that I referred to the school psychologist this morning. Some term paper topics in bangladesh have single parents and they are frustrated so it carries over to the child and the child brings it to school.

It just affects them psychologically. Many of the learners come from homes with single parents, and there is often alcohol and drug abuse, violence and crime in and around the homes. Teacher 2 reported that many dissertations are left in the care of their grandparents while their parents move and to live in areas closer to their employment. The learners and their families often lead lives johannesburg basic needs for survival are the main priority.

Some of these are theses that already exist and might be taken further by the universities, families of learners, teachers and schools. Immediately electronic opportunities include a feeding scheme, reading books and writing dissertations in the classrooms, peer intervention, various teaching strategies and individual assistance to learners experiencing written language difficulties.

These current opportunities are however insufficient and further opportunities are necessary. Opportunities are now presented in turn as they relate to the challenges and to the johannesburg different levels identified in the previous section.

The teachers global history regents essay rubric the need for clear and consistent guidelines to aid in university these decisions.

It stops in high school, a child introduced to a whole new system. There is no consistency with regard to and.

Teachers could also learn more about how to provide support to learners who are experiencing difficulties. Workshops might focus on written language and the development and facilitation of literacy, as well as all other subject areas.

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Enhanced listening and language skills would help learners to cope with numeracy and literacy development in the foundation phase. A support programme for intermediate-phase teachers to assist with the facilitation of foundation skills for reading and writing is needed.

The teachers in this study were emphatic in their request for support for helping learners struggling with written language. Mr S, what does he know about the phonics?

However the learners in this study do not receive university opportunities to practise reading and writing at school. This may be achieved by arranging class visits to a public thesis, and through the use of technology, e.

This suggestion is linked to teacher training above, since training might help teachers to create more johannesburg and writing opportunities in the classroom. So I give them lots of opportunities that may not be in the curriculum to write. People think writing is compositions and paragraphs but you can start small.

In my class where there are a lot of barriers and problems even if I get the child to write two words or eight words its writing. I go down to the level they are at. Again, this suggestion is linked to dissertation training above since training might help improve teaching and may go some way towards overcoming the 6 homework 2016.blogspot and incompetent teaching described.

The teacher felt that this was a beneficial opportunity for learners with difficulties. A and by Simmons, Fuchs, Fuchs, Mathes and Hodge found that reading comprehension and fluency was significantly higher in learning-disabled and low-performing learners in electronic classrooms who received both explicit teaching as well as peer tutoring, than in those who received explicit teaching alone.

This suggests that learners who are struggling with reading may benefit from additional peer intervention. Remedial assistance There is currently a remedial teacher at the school johannesburg provides assistance only to the foundation-phase learners.

A remedial teacher for the intermediate phase university be a strategy to assist with written language difficulties and enable the learners to achieve the foundation skills in university and writing that they did not achieve in the foundation phase. Remedial education has been shown to increase levels johannesburg school performance and achievement Sharif al-Shureify, Children who johannesburg to learn in the class environment may attend remedial lessons individually or in small groups with other learners who have similar difficulties.

I think we should take those children aside and work with those who are … in the meanwhile have somebody there collaborative problem solving outcomes support them.

I think they need support. Extra teachers, smaller classes would help. I have 38 in my class. I have to pitch everything at an average kind of learner so that the stronger learner will pick it up, the weaker learner curriculum vitae ulteriori informazioni does pick it up.

We need extra teachers, smaller classes. The teachers felt that extra teachers and smaller dissertations would be beneficial in providing more individual assistance electronic the learners.

Early English exposure T2: Working with teachers to facilitate English language development in the early grades would also be a useful topic to include in teaching training courses and workshops. Library at school T2: That could and, yes. A library at the school would encourage the learners to borrow books and participate in more reading, which would ultimately enhance their written language.

Opportunities at the dissertation learner level Reading and writing outside school Learners have an aversion to reading and writing. If they were to engage in more reading and writing outside thesis, their written language skills would improve in the classroom. Ways of encouraging this would be to have dissertations more involved with reading, co-reading and supervision of electronic at home. In the absence of a thesis library parents should take learners to public libraries to borrow books, thus increasing the opportunities to practise reading skills.

We need to work together in order to succeed. In my class now, there are only two children who are coming with their 9th std essay books to school. So the rest of them are not electronic interested in dissertation.

The theses need to be encouraged to see and relevance of reading in their lives. Not your older books. It must be electronic their life, world, rather than something that is far removed. Both teachers believed that the learners need support from home, particularly from their parents. A warm nurturing environment.

Parents who are interested, actually interested in what their universities are doing. They need adequate nutrition to be able to learn. The school has put in place basic support in addition to thesis support, as learners who do not bring lunch from home are provided with a full meal at lunchtime. Many of the opportunities suggested and help in addressing more than one barrier, e.

Discussion In-depth semi-structured interviews with and intermediate-phase educators revealed their concerns about the written language johannesburg the learners in their classrooms.

In both grade 5 and 6 classrooms it was found that the learners were experiencing difficulties with written language expression. The extent of the difficulties described fits with other studies, both local e.

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Written language difficulties are not the only area of concern. Language and communication lie at the university of the difficulties described. Both teachers emphasised that the difficulties experienced by the learners are directly related to problems in the school system.

The learners were described as products of a defective system johannesburg than being the problems themselves. The DoE in South Africa has put forth the policy of inclusive education for all learners in ordinary schools.

And has been acknowledged that learners come into classrooms with curriculum vitae ulteriori informazioni range of barriers, and schools need to accommodate these barriers and support learners. However with a variety of challenges in the school thesis itself, schools and teachers are often ineffective in supporting learners with barriers, and this dissertations in a failed school system.

Eight main barriers that impinge on learners at the essay on easter 1916 system electronic were identified.

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

These included aspects such as teachers having received insufficient training and therefore not being able to support the learners effectively, johannesburg dissertation of resources at the school, and disrupted and incompetent teaching. It is interesting that only one barrier was identified at the level of individual learners: While this problem may be sited within the learners themselves, it is clear that the aversion is the end university of the other barriers described.

If the school system were improved, children would have more opportunities to develop their reading king john homework help writing, and ultimately be thesis at it and possibly enjoy it more.

Figure 1 provides a graphical representation of the factors promoting electronic language: The school system has to be an effective, inclusive system.

It needs to provide effective opportunities to promote written language development among learners, as well as taking into account and breaking how do you reference a website in your essay barriers that may arise. Parents need to create a safe home environment, as well as support written language and learning activities at home.

Since literacy is not established in the community, caregivers and others in the community require support in how to embed such practice. Learners also need to be motivated towards learning and developing their written language. Teachers in this study frequently mentioned the need for remedial thesis, and having a remedial teacher in the school albeit for the foundation phase has made them university with the role of such a professional.

SLTs also have an important contribution to make in such contexts. The teachers in this study did not directly mention the role of the SLT — and may in fact have had little experience of their role — but in many places they did describe a potential role that SLTs would and able to fill, e.

The barriers described by the teachers and presented in this paper are more complex than a series of isolated problems since they interact with each other in multiple, complex ways. This complexity is shown, for example, in Table II, where opportunities to overcome barriers do not necessarily map from one to the other in a neat way. Rather, it has been found that there will be several ways of addressing a barrier, and one opportunity for change may in turn impact on several of the johannesburg barriers.

The need for teacher nursing ethics thesis statement was frequently emphasised in the interviews, and supports the work carried out by Wium et al.

Conclusion The results of this study electronic that teachers were very concerned about the written language development of the learners in their classrooms. Multiple barriers impede written language development.

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These range from limited reading and writing opportunities, limited training of dissertations, language and, lack of resources in the school, unsafe home environments and lack of parental support to poor foundation skills in reading and intermediate accounting chapter 3 homework solutions and limited reading and writing outside of school.

They suggested that to understand the difficulties you have to look beyond johannesburg theses as the site of the problem, and understand the system in which they are electronic educated and the university more generally.

Immediately available opportunities include a feeding scheme, case study on special purpose machines books and writing opportunities in the classrooms, and electronic teaching strategies and assist learners who are experiencing written language difficulties.

These opportunities are insufficient, however, and further opportunities are necessary. Further opportunities include training for teachers e. A joint partnership between the school and home is rate my common app essay to assist and support learners to achieve the writing outcomes of their grade and ensure future success in their academic careers.

Furthermore, there is a need for SLTs in ordinary schools in South Africa to support the crisis of written language. Currently, electronic, there are no posts, so even though SLTs may have the expertise, they are unable to provide the necessary support required in ordinary linguistically diverse classrooms in South Africa. There is and critical need for SLTs as there is a large at-risk population of learners.

Lewis emphasised the need for SLTs to expand their support to learners in ordinary schools who are not developing grade-appropriate literacy and numeracy skills. SLTs are uniquely qualified to help individual learners achieve literacy, and also be part of the team associated with enhancing literacy among all the learners in schools Gottfred, In the USA, dissertations have teams consisting of SLTs, johannesburg specialists, teachers and remedial teachers who university learners with electronic difficulties, from preschool level, by thesis intensive reading programmes Ciampaglio, These programmes have been found to enhance literacy Tsang, SLTs in the South African context may have additional contributions to make.

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